Cambridge 劍橋 CANTAB 測驗 - SWM 空間工作記憶測驗

• 簡介：空間工作記憶可測驗受測者保留空間訊息的能力，並操弄其工作記憶中記憶項目。這是自定順序的作業，亦可評估其探索的策略。本測驗相當敏感於大腦額葉和執行功能失常的測量。最近的研究顯示 SWM 表現受損可成為精神疾病發病前的共同因素。
• 施測時間：大約 8 分鐘，視其損傷程度而定。
• 作業：本測驗一開始的時候螢幕上會顯示數個色塊 (有顏色的方塊)。藉由觸碰方塊及清除的過程，本測驗的目標為使受測者在每一個方塊中尋找藍色的“符號”，並用這些符號來填滿螢幕右側的黑色空柱。方塊的數量會逐漸增加，直到需要搜尋的目標方塊達到 8 個為止。在每個試驗中，方塊的顏色和位置都會改變以防止固定不變的搜尋策略。
• 測驗結果：SWM 的 24 個測量結果包含錯誤 (觸碰之前已搜尋過的空的方塊，以及再一次觸碰先前已找到符號的方塊)，策略的測量和延遲的測量。

CANTAB Connect Research 劍橋神經認知測驗介紹

主要參考文獻

CANTAB ADHD Battery
• Bedard AC, Martinussen R, Ickowicz A, Tannock R. Methylphenidate improves visual-spatial memory in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2004 Mar;43(3):260-8.
• Chamberlain SR, Robbins TW, Winder-Rhodes S, Müller U, Sahakian BJ, Blackwell AD, Barnett JH. Translational approaches to frontostriatal dysfunction in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder using a computerized neuropsychological battery. Biol Psychiatry. 2011 Jun 15;69(12):1192-203.
• Chamberlain SR, Del Campo N, Dowson J, Müller U, Clark L, Robbins TW, Sahakian BJ. Atomoxetine improved response inhibition in adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2007 Nov 1;62(9):977-84.
• DeVito EE, Blackwell AD, Clark L, Kent L, Dezsery AM, Turner DC, Aitken MR, Sahakian BJ. Methylphenidate improves response inhibition but not reflection-impulsivity in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2009 Jan;202(1-3):531-9. doi: 10.1007/s00213-008-1337-y. Epub 2008 Sep 26.
• Potter AS, Newhouse PA. (2004). Effects of acute nicotine administration on behavioral inhibition in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2004 Nov;176(2):182-94.
• Valera EM, Faraone SV, Murray KE, Seidman LJ. Meta-analysis of structural imaging findings in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2007 Jun 15;61(12):1361-9.
- 更多資訊請見：http://www.cambridgecognition.com/academic-studies/product/cantab-adhd-battery#sthash.20uQKe6j.dpuf

Cantab Alzheimer’s (Dementia) Battery
• Fowler KS, Saling MM, Conway EL, Semple JM, Louis WJ. Paired associate performance in the early detection of DAT. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS. 2002;8(1):58-71.
• Egerhazi A, Berecz R, Bartok E, Degrell I. Automated Neuropsychological Test Battery (CANTAB) in mild cognitive impairment and in Alzheimer’s disease. Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry. 2007;31(3):746-51. Epub 2007/02/10.
• Blackwell AD, Sahakian BJ, Vesey R, Semple JM, Robbins TW, Hodges JR. Detecting dementia: novel neuropsychological markers of preclinical Alzheimer’s disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2004;17(1-2):42-8. Epub 2003 Oct 13.
• Greig NH, Sambamurti K, Yu QS, Brossi A, Bruinsma GB, Lahiri DK. An overview of phenserine tartrate, a novel acetylcholinesterase inhibitor for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2005;2(3):281-90.
• Atack JR. Preclinical and clinical pharmacology of the GABAA receptor alpha5 subtype-selective inverse agonist alpha5IA. Pharmacology & therapeutics. 2010;125(1):11-26. Epub 2009/09/23.
- 更多資訊請見： http://www.cambridgecognition.com/academic-studies/product/cantab-dementia-battery#sthash.rL7KE7eu.dpuf

CANTAB Schizophrenia Battery
• Barnett JH, Robbins TW, Leeson VC, Sahakian BJ, Joyce EM, Blackwell AD. Assessing cognitive function in clinical trials of schizophrenia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2010 Jul;34(8):1161-77. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.01.012. Epub 2010 Jan 25.
• Joyce E, Hutton S, Mutsatsa S, Gibbins H, Webb E, Paul S, Robbins T, Barnes T. Executive dysfunction in first-episode schizophrenia and relationship to duration of untreated psychosis: the West London Study. Br J Psychiatry Suppl. 2002 Sep;43:s38-44.
• Saleem MM, Harte MK, Marshall KM, Scally A, Brewin A, Neill JC. First episode psychosis patients show impaired cognitive function--a study of a South Asian population in the UK. J Psychopharmacol. 2013 Apr;27(4):366-73. Epub 2013 Feb 20.
• Zhornitsky S, Aubin G, Desfossés J, Rizkallah E, Pampoulova T, Lipp O, Chiasson JP, Stip E, Potvin S. Predictors of community functioning in schizophrenia and substance use disorder patients. Community Ment Health J. 2013 Jun;49(3):317-22. Epub 2012 Jul 31.
• Levkovitz Y, Mendlovich S, Riwkes S, Braw Y, Levkovitch-Verbin H, Gal G, Fennig S, Treves I, Kron S. A double-blind, randomized study of minocycline for the treatment of negative and cognitive symptoms in early-phase schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010 Feb;71(2):138-49. Epub 2009 Nov 3.
- 更多資訊請見：http://www.cambridgecognition.com/academic-studies/product/cantab-schizophrenia-battery#sthash.OMAEK5Un.dpuf

CANTAB Depression Battery
• Rock PL, Roiser JP, Riedel WJ, Blackwell AD. Cognitive impairment in depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2013 Oct 29:1-12. [Epub ahead of print]
• Roiser JP, Sahakian BJ. Hot and cold cognition in depression. CNS Spectr. 2013 Jun;18(3):139-49.
• Egerházi A, Balla P, Ritzl A, Varga Z, Frecska E, Berecz R. Automated Neuropsychological Test Battery in depression -- preliminary data. Neuropsychopharmacol Hung. 2013 Mar;15(1):5-11.
• Greer TL, Sunderajan P, Grannemann BD, Kurian BT, Trivedi MH. Does duloxetine improve cognitive function independently of its antidepressant effect in patients with major depressive disorder and subjective reports of cognitive dysfunction? Depress Res Treat. 2014;2014:627863.
• van Tol MJ, van der Wee NJ, Demenescu LR, Nielen MM, Aleman A, Renken R, van Buchem MA, Zitman FG, Veltman DJ. Functional MRI correlates of visuospatial planning in out-patient depression and anxiety. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2011 Oct;124(4):273-84.
• Papakostas GI. Cognitive symptoms in patients with major depressive disorder and their implications for clinical practice. J Clin Psychiatry. 2014 Jan;75(1):8-14.
- 更多資訊請見： http://www.cambridgecognition.com/academic-studies/product/cantab-depression-battery#sthash.DbwguDPJ.HoD2Vjyp.dpuf 

用於：CANTAB ADHD battery、CANTAB Alzheimer’s battery、CANTAB schizophrenia battery 和 CANTAB depression battery